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Message |
ekurth@broadcom.com
medicine forum beginner
Joined: 30 May 2006
Posts: 6
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 Posted: Tue May 30, 2006 5:14 am Post subject:
Lowering Carbs Improves Cholesterol
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Intersting article from Yahoo.
NEW YORK (Reuters Health) - Trimming carbohydrate intake results in
healthy improvements in blood fat levels, even if a person doesn't lose
an ounce, a new study shows.
"These dietary fads tend to come and go," Dr. Ronald M. Krauss of
Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute in Oakland, California,
told Reuters Health. "In the case of low carbohydrates, people
shouldn't be so quick to throw that away and move on to the next diet.
Limiting carbohydrates can be beneficial even if people aren't
successful at losing weight."
Scientists now believe that carbohydrates, especially simple sugars,
can cause unhealthy changes in blood fats by causing fat to collect in
the liver -- just as it does on one's thighs or belly. These fats
eventually find their way into the bloodstream, Krauss explained.
Cutting down on these fat deposits by cutting carbs reduces fat levels
in the blood, and may also boost the body's ability to break down fats
that do reach the bloodstream.
To investigate whether moderate reduction in carbohydrate intake might
affect cholesterol levels, Krauss and his team had a group of 178
overweight men eat a standard diet including 54 percent energy intake
from carbohydrates for one week.
The men were then randomly assigned to continue the same diet, or
switch to a 39 percent carbohydrate diet, or a 26 percent carb diet for
three weeks.
For an additional five weeks, men ate a similar diet but their calorie
intakes were reduced to produce weight loss. In the final four weeks of
the study, their energy intake was adjusted for weight stabilization.
Compared to the men who stayed on the standard diet, those with the
lowest carb intake showed reductions in harmful triglycerides and "bad"
LDL cholesterol levels. They also enjoyed an increase in the ratio of
"good" HDL cholesterol to total cholesterol levels, and other
improvements in their blood fat profile.
These healthy changes were seen whether or not the men were eating less
saturated fat, and whether or not they lost weight.
The 54 percent carbohydrate diet resembles the normal diet many of us
consume by following standard dietary recommendations, Krauss said.
People can cut their carbohydrate intake to a level similar to that
used in the study by "avoiding the kinds of food we don't need in our
diet anyway-sugary foods, white rice, pasta, white bread," he added.
"This type of diet really needs to be done in consultation with a
dietitian to get the balance that we used," Krauss emphasized. But such
a diet, he noted, is much less restrictive than, for example, the
Atkins' approach, and would relatively simple to follow.
SOURCE: American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, May 2006. |
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monty1945@lycos.com
medicine forum addict
Joined: 02 Apr 2006
Posts: 93
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| Posted: Tue May 30, 2006 8:17 am Post subject:
Re: Lowering Carbs Improves Cholesterol
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This is "old news," and they would know this if they bothered to read
the literature (such as Shils and Young). Since many of the basic
nutritional texts were written, it has been demonstrated at the
molecular level that only oxidized cholesterol is a problem, so these
"guidelines" will cause more harm than good (due to the low LDL/cancer
connect, for example), though if a person understands the oxidation
issue there would be no reason to even read these kinds of "out of
touch" reports in the first place. |
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Ron Peterson
medicine forum Guru Wannabe
Joined: 18 May 2005
Posts: 181
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| Posted: Tue May 30, 2006 3:27 pm Post subject:
Re: Lowering Carbs Improves Cholesterol
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ekurth@broadcom.com wrote:
| Quote: | Intersting article from Yahoo.
NEW YORK (Reuters Health) - Trimming carbohydrate intake results in
healthy improvements in blood fat levels, even if a person doesn't lose
an ounce, a new study shows.
"These dietary fads tend to come and go," Dr. Ronald M. Krauss of
Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute in Oakland, California,
told Reuters Health. "In the case of low carbohydrates, people
shouldn't be so quick to throw that away and move on to the next diet.
Limiting carbohydrates can be beneficial even if people aren't
successful at losing weight."
|
In another interview Krauss says: "Studies of dietary effects on LDL
cholesterol must take into consideration that LDL is comprised of
distinct subclasses that differ in particle size and density, and that
there is variation in the distribution of these subclasses among
individuals," he says. "Small LDL particles appear to have a great
atherogenic potential than large LDL particles by virtue of reduced
receptor-mediated clearance, and higher arterial transport,
proteoglycan binding, and oxidative susceptibility."
The interaction between diet and genes and how this interaction affects
the two LDL subclass patterns may help to explain why there can be so
much variability in the effects of low-fat diets on the risk of heart
disease. For patients who started out with the pattern B cholesterol
profile, the study by Krauss and his research group showed that an
extreme low-fat/high-carbohydrate diet can reduce the number of
circulating small LDL particles which in turn reduces the risk of heart
disease. LDL particles carry cholesterol through the blood stream and
deposit it along arterial walls, creating a waxy buildup that can
eventually restrict the flow of blood to the heart.
For patients who started out with the pattern A cholesterol profile,
however, Krauss and his research group found that an extreme low-
fat/high-carbohydrate diet worked to reduce the cholesterol content of
the LDL particles circulating in the blood. This depletion in the
composition of the LDL particles resulted in a downsizing that in turn
led to a conversion from the pattern A to the pattern B profile.
"Studies in families have indicated that LDL subclass patterns are
influenced by major genes, and linkage of LDL particle size phenotypes
to several candidate genes have been reported," says Krauss. "However,
overall heritability of LDL particle sizes is less than 50 percent,
consistent with the strong influence of modifying factors on the
expression of LDL subclass patterns."
Previously, these modifying factors were listed as age and gender, plus
certain metabolic conditions that affect triglyceride levels such as
abdominal adiposity and resistance to insulin. To these factors can now
be added diet, says Krauss.
Results of the study by Krauss and his collaborators were originally
reported in the June 2000 edition of the American Journal of Clinical
Nutrition. Krauss' coauthors on that paper were Darlene Dreon,
Harriet Fernstrom, and Paul Williams.
- -
So, it looks like cholesterol testing isn't accurate because it doesn't
distinguish among the different types of LDL cholesterol.
--
Ron |
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ekurth@broadcom.com
medicine forum beginner
Joined: 30 May 2006
Posts: 6
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| Posted: Tue May 30, 2006 4:13 pm Post subject:
Re: Lowering Carbs Improves Cholesterol
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Great. How much more complicated can it get?
So going on a low fat diet may actually INCREASE the risk of heart
disease in some people, even when accompianied by a decrease in LDL
levels?
Eric |
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Juhana Harju
medicine forum Guru
Joined: 06 May 2005
Posts: 1056
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| Posted: Tue May 30, 2006 4:33 pm Post subject:
Re: Lowering Carbs Improves Cholesterol
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Ron Peterson wrote:
: So, it looks like cholesterol testing isn't accurate because it
: doesn't distinguish among the different types of LDL cholesterol.
There is an in-depth Harvard review showing that there is so much
correlation between small dense LDL and triglycerides that there is no
clinical reason to measure LDL subtypes.
http://jcem.endojournals.org/cgi/content/full/88/10/4525
--
Juhana |
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Just Cocky
medicine forum Guru Wannabe
Joined: 11 Aug 2005
Posts: 297
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| Posted: Tue May 30, 2006 6:14 pm Post subject:
Re: Lowering Carbs Improves Cholesterol
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On 30 May 2006 09:13:47 -0700, ekurth@broadcom.com wrote:
| Quote: |
So going on a low fat diet may actually INCREASE the risk of heart
disease in some people, even when accompianied by a decrease in LDL
levels?
|
Of course! People need fats to live. Fat is essential. Protein is
essential. Carbohydrates are *NOT* essential for life.
Note that consuming a low fat diet will generally results in decreased
levels of HDL. And when HDL is reduced, cardiovascular risk is
increased.
--
"The trouble with the world is that the stupid are
cocksure and the intelligent are full of doubt"
-- Bertrand Russell |
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Ron Peterson
medicine forum Guru Wannabe
Joined: 18 May 2005
Posts: 181
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| Posted: Tue May 30, 2006 6:20 pm Post subject:
Re: Lowering Carbs Improves Cholesterol
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Juhana Harju wrote:
| Quote: | Ron Peterson wrote:
: So, it looks like cholesterol testing isn't accurate because it
: doesn't distinguish among the different types of LDL cholesterol.
There is an in-depth Harvard review showing that there is so much
correlation between small dense LDL and triglycerides that there is no
clinical reason to measure LDL subtypes.
http://jcem.endojournals.org/cgi/content/full/88/10/4525
|
OK, so very high triglycerides are a risk factor. But, does it matter
whether the triglycerides consist of saturated, monounsaturated, or
polyunsaturated fatty acids?
--
Ron |
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Jim Chinnis
medicine forum Guru
Joined: 30 Apr 2005
Posts: 1030
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| Posted: Tue May 30, 2006 10:12 pm Post subject:
Re: Lowering Carbs Improves Cholesterol
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ekurth@broadcom.com wrote in part:
| Quote: | Great. How much more complicated can it get?
So going on a low fat diet may actually INCREASE the risk of heart
disease in some people, even when accompianied by a decrease in LDL
levels?
Eric
|
This has been pretty clear for a while now. I'm not so sure the effect is
limited to just "some" people.
--
Jim Chinnis Warrenton, Virginia, USA jchinnis@alum.mit.edu |
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italiangm
medicine forum beginner
Joined: 31 May 2006
Posts: 31
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ekurth@broadcom.com
medicine forum beginner
Joined: 30 May 2006
Posts: 6
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| Posted: Wed May 31, 2006 5:49 am Post subject:
Re: Lowering Carbs Improves Cholesterol
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Jim Chinnis wrote:
| Quote: | ekurth@broadcom.com wrote in part:
Great. How much more complicated can it get?
So going on a low fat diet may actually INCREASE the risk of heart
disease in some people, even when accompianied by a decrease in LDL
levels?
Eric
This has been pretty clear for a while now. I'm not so sure the effect is
limited to just "some" people.
|
Nutrition appears to be an even more dismal science than economics.
The Harvard paper with link in previous post takes completely the
opposite point of view. Their conclusion is as follows:
"The burden of proof for any newly proposed risk factor is that it must
add significantly to risk assessment by existing measurements, or that
it is equivalent but more economical. LDL subtyping does not meet
either of these expectations. Metabolic studies demonstrate that large
and small LDL subtypes are atherogenic. In as much as any type of LDL
is contained in the plasma total LDL concentration, the standard
clinical measurement of risk, all LDL types should be viewed as
harmful. The best indicator of response to lipid therapy is a reduction
in the plasma concentration of atherogenic lipoproteins, as
conventionally measured by LDL and triglycerides, but alternatively by
non-HDL cholesterol or apo."
So if low-fat, high carbohydrate diet reduces someones LDL levels, then
without a doubt, their risk for coronary problems has decreased.
There was no additional risk of heart attack based on relative size of
the LDL in the blood. Their conclusion:
"Thus, LDL size does not give information beyond that given by
triglycerides on risk of MI. This study demonstrates that triglycerides
but not LDL size independently predicted first MI in U.S. male
physicians. As we show subsequently, this is a typical result for LDL
size in epidemiological studies."
I'm going to order that rice cooker for work after all :)
Eric
" |
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Jim Chinnis
medicine forum Guru
Joined: 30 Apr 2005
Posts: 1030
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| Posted: Wed May 31, 2006 2:14 pm Post subject:
Re: Lowering Carbs Improves Cholesterol
|
|
|
ekurth@broadcom.com wrote in part:
| Quote: |
Jim Chinnis wrote:
ekurth@broadcom.com wrote in part:
Great. How much more complicated can it get?
So going on a low fat diet may actually INCREASE the risk of heart
disease in some people, even when accompianied by a decrease in LDL
levels?
Eric
This has been pretty clear for a while now. I'm not so sure the effect is
limited to just "some" people.
Nutrition appears to be an even more dismal science than economics.
The Harvard paper with link in previous post takes completely the
opposite point of view. Their conclusion is as follows:
"The burden of proof for any newly proposed risk factor is that it must
add significantly to risk assessment by existing measurements, or that
it is equivalent but more economical. LDL subtyping does not meet
either of these expectations. Metabolic studies demonstrate that large
and small LDL subtypes are atherogenic. In as much as any type of LDL
is contained in the plasma total LDL concentration, the standard
clinical measurement of risk, all LDL types should be viewed as
harmful. The best indicator of response to lipid therapy is a reduction
in the plasma concentration of atherogenic lipoproteins, as
conventionally measured by LDL and triglycerides, but alternatively by
non-HDL cholesterol or apo."
So if low-fat, high carbohydrate diet reduces someones LDL levels, then
without a doubt, their risk for coronary problems has decreased.
|
Not so. The triglycerides will have skyrocketed.
| Quote: | There was no additional risk of heart attack based on relative size of
the LDL in the blood. Their conclusion:
"Thus, LDL size does not give information beyond that given by
triglycerides on risk of MI. This study demonstrates that triglycerides
but not LDL size independently predicted first MI in U.S. male
physicians. As we show subsequently, this is a typical result for LDL
size in epidemiological studies."
|
You are looking at a discussion about parcelling out the risk associated
with high triglycerides (which is not challenged) and LDL particle classes
(which is).
| Quote: | I'm going to order that rice cooker for work after all 
|
Track the change in your lipids. Your ratio of total cholesterol to HDL will
almost certainly rise. If you are thin and exercise a lot it may not rise
much. If you are heavier than ideal or don't exercise much, it may rise a
whole lot.
--
Jim Chinnis Warrenton, Virginia, USA jchinnis@alum.mit.edu |
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| Back to top |
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ekurth@broadcom.com
medicine forum beginner
Joined: 30 May 2006
Posts: 6
|
| Posted: Wed May 31, 2006 4:14 pm Post subject:
Re: Lowering Carbs Improves Cholesterol
|
|
|
Jim Chinnis wrote:
| Quote: | ekurth@broadcom.com wrote in part:
Jim Chinnis wrote:
ekurth@broadcom.com wrote in part:
Great. How much more complicated can it get?
So going on a low fat diet may actually INCREASE the risk of heart
disease in some people, even when accompianied by a decrease in LDL
levels?
Eric
This has been pretty clear for a while now. I'm not so sure the effect is
limited to just "some" people.
Nutrition appears to be an even more dismal science than economics.
The Harvard paper with link in previous post takes completely the
opposite point of view. Their conclusion is as follows:
"The burden of proof for any newly proposed risk factor is that it must
add significantly to risk assessment by existing measurements, or that
it is equivalent but more economical. LDL subtyping does not meet
either of these expectations. Metabolic studies demonstrate that large
and small LDL subtypes are atherogenic. In as much as any type of LDL
is contained in the plasma total LDL concentration, the standard
clinical measurement of risk, all LDL types should be viewed as
harmful. The best indicator of response to lipid therapy is a reduction
in the plasma concentration of atherogenic lipoproteins, as
conventionally measured by LDL and triglycerides, but alternatively by
non-HDL cholesterol or apo."
So if low-fat, high carbohydrate diet reduces someones LDL levels, then
without a doubt, their risk for coronary problems has decreased.
Not so. The triglycerides will have skyrocketed.
There was no additional risk of heart attack based on relative size of
the LDL in the blood. Their conclusion:
"Thus, LDL size does not give information beyond that given by
triglycerides on risk of MI. This study demonstrates that triglycerides
but not LDL size independently predicted first MI in U.S. male
physicians. As we show subsequently, this is a typical result for LDL
size in epidemiological studies."
You are looking at a discussion about parcelling out the risk associated
with high triglycerides (which is not challenged) and LDL particle classes
(which is).
I'm going to order that rice cooker for work after all :)
Track the change in your lipids. Your ratio of total cholesterol to HDL will
almost certainly rise. If you are thin and exercise a lot it may not rise
much. If you are heavier than ideal or don't exercise much, it may rise a
whole lot.
--
Jim Chinnis Warrenton, Virginia, USA jchinnis@alum.mit.edu
|
I'm not sure about the higher triglycerides on a low fat diet. I will
have to look into that.
Your other points are refuted in the article. They make a persuasive
case that looking into subclasses of LDL levels is pointless. And they
take their colleagues to task for not having the math acumen to figure
it out. In anotherwrds, to run regression type analysis on the data to
separate out the various risk factors. When that is done, the case for
looking at LDL particle classes falls apart.
They point out that small particle LDL class IS associated with higher
heart disease, but that it ALWAYS goes hand-in-hand with other, known
high risk factors such as high triglycerides. Hence their fancy math
to get at the root of the issue and their conclusion that small
particle LDL is not worth the time and effort to measure it. Track
your LDL and you're fine.
Eric |
|
| Back to top |
|
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Jim Chinnis
medicine forum Guru
Joined: 30 Apr 2005
Posts: 1030
|
| Posted: Wed May 31, 2006 4:47 pm Post subject:
Re: Lowering Carbs Improves Cholesterol
|
|
|
ekurth@broadcom.com wrote in part:
| Quote: |
Jim Chinnis wrote:
ekurth@broadcom.com wrote in part:
Jim Chinnis wrote:
ekurth@broadcom.com wrote in part:
Great. How much more complicated can it get?
So going on a low fat diet may actually INCREASE the risk of heart
disease in some people, even when accompianied by a decrease in LDL
levels?
Eric
This has been pretty clear for a while now. I'm not so sure the effect is
limited to just "some" people.
Nutrition appears to be an even more dismal science than economics.
The Harvard paper with link in previous post takes completely the
opposite point of view. Their conclusion is as follows:
"The burden of proof for any newly proposed risk factor is that it must
add significantly to risk assessment by existing measurements, or that
it is equivalent but more economical. LDL subtyping does not meet
either of these expectations. Metabolic studies demonstrate that large
and small LDL subtypes are atherogenic. In as much as any type of LDL
is contained in the plasma total LDL concentration, the standard
clinical measurement of risk, all LDL types should be viewed as
harmful. The best indicator of response to lipid therapy is a reduction
in the plasma concentration of atherogenic lipoproteins, as
conventionally measured by LDL and triglycerides, but alternatively by
non-HDL cholesterol or apo."
So if low-fat, high carbohydrate diet reduces someones LDL levels, then
without a doubt, their risk for coronary problems has decreased.
Not so. The triglycerides will have skyrocketed.
There was no additional risk of heart attack based on relative size of
the LDL in the blood. Their conclusion:
"Thus, LDL size does not give information beyond that given by
triglycerides on risk of MI. This study demonstrates that triglycerides
but not LDL size independently predicted first MI in U.S. male
physicians. As we show subsequently, this is a typical result for LDL
size in epidemiological studies."
You are looking at a discussion about parcelling out the risk associated
with high triglycerides (which is not challenged) and LDL particle classes
(which is).
I'm going to order that rice cooker for work after all :)
Track the change in your lipids. Your ratio of total cholesterol to HDL will
almost certainly rise. If you are thin and exercise a lot it may not rise
much. If you are heavier than ideal or don't exercise much, it may rise a
whole lot.
--
Jim Chinnis Warrenton, Virginia, USA jchinnis@alum.mit.edu
I'm not sure about the higher triglycerides on a low fat diet. I will
have to look into that.
Your other points are refuted in the article. They make a persuasive
case that looking into subclasses of LDL levels is pointless. And they
take their colleagues to task for not having the math acumen to figure
it out. In anotherwrds, to run regression type analysis on the data to
separate out the various risk factors. When that is done, the case for
looking at LDL particle classes falls apart.
They point out that small particle LDL class IS associated with higher
heart disease, but that it ALWAYS goes hand-in-hand with other, known
high risk factors such as high triglycerides. Hence their fancy math
to get at the root of the issue and their conclusion that small
particle LDL is not worth the time and effort to measure it. Track
your LDL and you're fine.
Eric
|
I do this "fancy math" as a consultant.
The argument they make is in the context of traditional risk factors. They
name LDL AND triglycerides as the most important ones. The statistical work
they do is an attempt to see if the risk that comes with type B LDL particle
classes and/or high triglycerides is due to just one or the other. They do
NOT show that it doesn't exist or isn't important!
There is still lots of heart disease in those with normal or low LDL.
--
Jim Chinnis Warrenton, Virginia, USA jchinnis@alum.mit.edu |
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ekurth@broadcom.com
medicine forum beginner
Joined: 30 May 2006
Posts: 6
|
| Posted: Wed May 31, 2006 5:40 pm Post subject:
Re: Lowering Carbs Improves Cholesterol
|
|
|
Jim Chinnis wrote:
| Quote: | ekurth@broadcom.com wrote in part:
Jim Chinnis wrote:
ekurth@broadcom.com wrote in part:
Jim Chinnis wrote:
ekurth@broadcom.com wrote in part:
Great. How much more complicated can it get?
So going on a low fat diet may actually INCREASE the risk of heart
disease in some people, even when accompianied by a decrease in LDL
levels?
Eric
This has been pretty clear for a while now. I'm not so sure the effect is
limited to just "some" people.
Nutrition appears to be an even more dismal science than economics.
The Harvard paper with link in previous post takes completely the
opposite point of view. Their conclusion is as follows:
"The burden of proof for any newly proposed risk factor is that it must
add significantly to risk assessment by existing measurements, or that
it is equivalent but more economical. LDL subtyping does not meet
either of these expectations. Metabolic studies demonstrate that large
and small LDL subtypes are atherogenic. In as much as any type of LDL
is contained in the plasma total LDL concentration, the standard
clinical measurement of risk, all LDL types should be viewed as
harmful. The best indicator of response to lipid therapy is a reduction
in the plasma concentration of atherogenic lipoproteins, as
conventionally measured by LDL and triglycerides, but alternatively by
non-HDL cholesterol or apo."
So if low-fat, high carbohydrate diet reduces someones LDL levels, then
without a doubt, their risk for coronary problems has decreased.
Not so. The triglycerides will have skyrocketed.
There was no additional risk of heart attack based on relative size of
the LDL in the blood. Their conclusion:
"Thus, LDL size does not give information beyond that given by
triglycerides on risk of MI. This study demonstrates that triglycerides
but not LDL size independently predicted first MI in U.S. male
physicians. As we show subsequently, this is a typical result for LDL
size in epidemiological studies."
You are looking at a discussion about parcelling out the risk associated
with high triglycerides (which is not challenged) and LDL particle classes
(which is).
I'm going to order that rice cooker for work after all :)
Track the change in your lipids. Your ratio of total cholesterol to HDL will
almost certainly rise. If you are thin and exercise a lot it may not rise
much. If you are heavier than ideal or don't exercise much, it may rise a
whole lot.
--
Jim Chinnis Warrenton, Virginia, USA jchinnis@alum.mit.edu
I'm not sure about the higher triglycerides on a low fat diet. I will
have to look into that.
Your other points are refuted in the article. They make a persuasive
case that looking into subclasses of LDL levels is pointless. And they
take their colleagues to task for not having the math acumen to figure
it out. In anotherwrds, to run regression type analysis on the data to
separate out the various risk factors. When that is done, the case for
looking at LDL particle classes falls apart.
They point out that small particle LDL class IS associated with higher
heart disease, but that it ALWAYS goes hand-in-hand with other, known
high risk factors such as high triglycerides. Hence their fancy math
to get at the root of the issue and their conclusion that small
particle LDL is not worth the time and effort to measure it. Track
your LDL and you're fine.
Eric
I do this "fancy math" as a consultant.
The argument they make is in the context of traditional risk factors. They
name LDL AND triglycerides as the most important ones. The statistical work
they do is an attempt to see if the risk that comes with type B LDL particle
classes and/or high triglycerides is due to just one or the other. They do
NOT show that it doesn't exist or isn't important!
There is still lots of heart disease in those with normal or low LDL.
--
Jim Chinnis Warrenton, Virginia, USA jchinnis@alum.mit.edu
|
You seem to want to make this more complicated than it is, Jim. The
article showed strong risk factor with high triglyceride levels. The
article showed no correlation of risk with particle size of LDL.
Period. (Refer to Figure 1 in their paper)
With respect to LDL, I spent some time googling LDL recommended levels,
and every website pointed out that lowering LDL is correlated with
decreased risk of heart attack. I got the following quote from the
NIH.
"The main goal of cholesterol-lowering treatment is to lower your
low-density lipoprotein (LDL) level enough to reduce your risk of
having a heart attack or diseases caused by hardening of the arteries."
| Quote: | From another site, it said that extremely low levels of LDL, say 50,
are associated with virtually zero heart disease. And it just goes up |
from there. The main recommendation being less than 100 mg/dl.
So unless we've all been duped, the data is pretty clear.
Eric
" |
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Susan
medicine forum Guru
Joined: 05 May 2005
Posts: 932
|
| Posted: Wed May 31, 2006 5:45 pm Post subject:
Re: Lowering Carbs Improves Cholesterol
|
|
|
x-no-archive: yes
ekurth@broadcom.com wrote:
| Quote: | So unless we've all been duped, the data is pretty clear.
|
Those data come pretty much exclusively from those who stand to profit
from the sales of lipid lowering drugs, and are, therefore, unreliable.
Unfortunately, NIH investigators have refused a code of ethic that would
remove their own conflicts of financial interest in these companies.
Not all of us have been duped. Ratios and molecule size matter, LDL
numbers don't.
Susan |
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